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相信大多数读者在小学就已学会使用句式「There is/are ...」来表达「(某处)有某些东西」,例如:
· There is a book on the table.(桌子上有1本书。)
· There are ten chairs in the room.(房间里有10张椅子。)
· There are many theories about the origin of the universe.(关于宇宙起源的理论有很多。)
这类句子叫expletive constructions(虚主词结构,expletive解作「填充词」)。英语句子的基本结构是「主语+谓语」,主语通常实指某一事物,例如「The bell rang」的主语是「The bell」、「I like ice-cream」的主语是「I」等。而「There is/are ...」的「There」却是「虚词」,用以填补主语的位置,没有实际所指。
有些人很爱用这种句式,然而,若使用不当会令句子冗赘,甚至造成文法错误。我不时看到这样的句子:
· 「There were 50 students attended the seminar.」(该研讨会有50名学生出席。)
· 「There are over 1,000 people have applied for the posts of Under Secretaries or Political Assistants.」(超过1,000人应征副局长或政治助理。)
· 「There were many traffic accidents happened in this district last year.」(去年这区发生了多宗交通意外。)
加关系代词免「双重动词」
一个简单句中,主要动词不可多于一个。因此,以上3句都犯了「双重动词」的错误。如果选择沿用「There were」和「There are」来开头,最简单的改动方法就是加上relative pronoun(关系代词),例如who、which或that:
· 「There were 50 students who attended that seminar.」
· 「There are over 1,000 people who have applied for the posts of Under Secretaries or Political Assistants.」
· 「There were many traffic accidents which happened in this district last year.」
最佳写法:删不必要字词
然而,这并非最佳写法。倒不如删去「There were」或「There are」,使文句更简洁:
· 「50 students attended that seminar.」
· 「Over 1000 people have applied for the posts of Under Secretaries or Political Assistants.」
· 「Many traffic accidents happened in this district last year.」
虽可加强语气 滥用却成累赘
「It is ... who/which/that ...」也是常见的虚主词句构,例如:
· 「It was my grandmother who brought me up.」(把我养育成人的是我祖母。)
· 「It is you who are mistaken.」(是你搞错了。)
以上句子的意思等同「My grandmother brought me up.」及「You are mistaken.」,但强调了「my grandmother」和「you」。「It is ... who/which/that ...」句式能加强语气,然而滥用则成累赘。
许多教授英语写作的人建议,使用「There is/are ...」或「It is ... who/which/that ...」前,应先想想有没有较简单直接的表达方法。选用简单句式,不但能避免语法错误,而且表意更明确。 ■叶刘淑仪 新民党主席
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